moving lids direction effects on mhd mixed convection in a two-sided lid-driven enclosure using nanofluid

magnetohydrodynamic (mhd) mixed convection flow of cu–water nanofluid inside a two-sided lid-driven square enclosure with adiabatic horizontal walls and differentially heated sidewalls has been investigated numerically. the effects of moving lids direction, variations of richardson number, hartmann number, and volume fraction of nanoparticles on flow and temperature fields have been studied. the obtained results show that for a constant grashof number (), the rate of heat transfer increases with a decrease in the richardson and hartmann numbers. furthermore, an increase of the volume fraction of nanoparticles may result in enhancement or deterioration of the heat transfer performance depending on the value of the hartmann and richardson numbers and the configuration of the moving lids. also, it is found that in the presence of magnetic field, the nanoparticles have their maximum positive effect when the top lid moves rightward and the bottom one moves leftward.